ABSTRACT Background: This study aimed to evaluate UAV images of Pinus taeda L. stands for classifying trees attacked by Sapajus nigritus in Southern Brazil. UAV images were acquired on March 2018, using a DJI Phantom Pro 4 over 18.73 hectares. We evaluated different band compositions and vegetation indices. Using photo interpretation based on the color of the crown and field measurements, the trees were manually labeled as not attacked, dead, and attacked. The classified trees were divided into training (75%) and validation (25%), considering three tree crown diameters (0.5, 1, and 1.5 m) and three region-oriented classification algorithms. The classification accuracy was assessed by overall accuracy and the kappa index. Results: A total of 3,773 trees were manually detected, of which 39% were attacked, 5% died and 56% were not attacked. The results also indicated that the best-chosen diameter was 0.5 meters, the best classifier algorithm was the SVM, and the highest accuracy was represented by the composition of the ExG index associated with the original spectral bands. Conclusion: We argue that the attacks can be monitored using UAV images and such results provide insights for forest management initiatives.

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the wood volume of a Pinus taeda L. plantation using variables extracted from the Sentinel-1 active sensor and the Sentinel-2 passive sensor. To do so, data from a forest inventory with rectangular plots of 550 m² were used to estimate the stand volume. We derived and adapted average vegetation indices per plot from images obtained by Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 sensors. The data were then correlated with the volume per plot based on the forest inventory. The Modified Radar Forest Degradation Index (mRDFI) showed the highest correlation for Sentinel-1 data, while the Difference Vegetation-Index (DVI) performed best for Sentinel-2. Results: The regression models were built using Stepwise modeling, demonstrating that the models fit with only the Sentinel-2 indices performed better than the others (indices adapted for Sentinel-1 and a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data), with an R² adjusted between 0.51 to 0.40 and a standard error (Syx%) of 3.66 to 8.97. According to the statistical analyses, we found no significant differences between the volume estimated by the forest inventory (12.56±1.17) and the remote sensing techniques used (Sentinel-2 with 12.56±1.03 and Sentinel-1 with 12.56±0.94). However, further tests should be conducted with other active sensors operating in different spectral bands and polarization modes for other forest species. Conclusion: We found no significant differences between the volumetric estimates derived from remote sensing data and forest inventory techniques.

Resumo Estudos indicam a perda ambiental com a reformulação da legislação florestal dada atualmente pela Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa (LPVN), antigo Código Florestal. Ainda são necessárias pesquisas que indiquem o efeito sobre os titulares das terras, em regiões jurisdicionadas por outras regulamentações ambientais, como para o bioma Mata Atlântica, e ainda, os reflexos da integração das leis com questões de cumprimento da função social dos imóveis. A região Sudoeste do Paraná possui estrutura fundiária caracterizada pela pequena propriedade rural, e os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar se existe diferença no cumprimento da função social rural da pequena propriedade, considerando a realidade inicial das propriedades, o Código Florestal de 1965, e a LPVN; estimar o custo de oportunidade economizado pelo agricultor com a adequação ambiental rural pela lei de 2012; determinar as diferenças entre áreas de preservação permanente (APP) e reservas legais (RL) nas duas legislações; estimar a área a ser recuperada pelo Programa de Regularização Ambiental (PRA) nas pequenas propriedades. Foram confeccionados sete mapas de uso e ocupação do solo em ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica, na qual os montantes de áreas foram analisados com estatísticas inferenciais. Os dados permitiram concluir que: a pequena propriedade rural na região cumpre a função social rural em todos os padrões; o custo de oportunidade economizado foi de 6,2% do salário mínimo por módulo fiscal; A APP a restaurar foi inferior em relação à lei antecedente; estima-se para a região sudoeste, a necessidade de recuperação de 11.762,40 hectares de matas ciliares; não existe diferença significativa entre a reserva legal preexistente entre as duas leis; existe diferença significativa entre a reserva legal a recuperar.

Abstract Studies indicate environmental loss, due to the reformulation of the forest legislation, currently given by the Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL), formerly the Forestry Code. Research is still needed to indicate the effect on landowners, in regions that are governed by other environmental regulations, such as the Atlantic Forest biome as well as the reflexes of the integration of laws regarding the fulfillment of the social function of real estate. The southwestern region of Paraná state has a land structure characterized by small rural properties and the objectives of this work were: to verify if there is a difference in the fulfillment of the rural social function of the small properties, considering the initial reality of the properties, the Forestry Code of 1965; NVPL; to estimate the saved opportunity cost by the farmer with the rural environmental suitability by the 2012 law; to determine the differences between permanent preservation areas (PPAs) and legal reserves (LRs) in both legislations; estimate the area to be recovered by the Environmental Regularization Program (ERP) in small properties. Seven land use and occupation maps were designed in a Geographic Information System environment, in which the amounts of areas were analyzed with inferential statistics. The data allowed to conclude that: the small rural property in the region fulfills the rural social function in all the standards; the saved opportunity cost was 6.2% of the minimum wage per fiscal module; The PPA to be restored was smaller than the previous law; the need for recovery of 11,762.40 hectares of riparian forests is estimated for the southwestern region; there is no significant difference between the pre-existing legal reserve between the two laws; there is a significant difference between the legal reserve to be recovered.

RESUMO Foi avaliado o crescimento inicial de três espécies madeireiras nativas do Brasil - Araucaria angustifolia, Balfourodendron riedelianum e Parapiptadenia rigida - em Dois Vizinhos - PR, Brasil, usando quatro modelos matemáticos não lineares (Gompertz, Logistic, Logistic 4P e Chapman-Richards). Ao longo dos quatro anos iniciais após plantio, informações sobre diâmetro do colo (mm), altura total (m), altura de copa (m) e diâmetro de copa (m) foram obtidas semestralmente em doze indivíduos de cada espécie. Foi calculada a área de copa (m²) e volume de copa (m³) desses indivíduos. O crescimento em termos de diâmetro de colo, altura total, área de copa e volume de copa foi projetado usando os modelos, e o ajuste dos mesmos foi avaliado em termos de Critério de Informação Akaike e Critério de Informação Bayesiano, Erro padrão da estimativa e Coeficiente de determinação. Os modelos geraram excelentes estatísticas para todos os parâmetros em todas as variáveis, com melhores estatísticas para diâmetro de colo e altura total. Considerando as três espécies, Parapiptadenia rigida apresentou o crescimento mais rápido em todas as variáveis (mediana de 70,97 mm para o diâmetro do colo, mediana de 4,475 m para altura total, mediana de 10,35 m² para área de copa e mediana de 15,30 m³ para volume de copa, aos 48 meses). Um monitoramento mais longo e outros experimentos são recomendados para caracterizar o crescimento dessas três espécies madeireiras nativas brasileiras para descrever seu desempenho para produção de madeira e também para projetos de restauração florestal.

ABSTRACT The initial growth of three Brazilian native timber species in the city of Dois Vizinhos-PR, Brazil, was described - Araucaria angustifolia, Balfourodendron riedelianum, and Parapiptadenia rigida, using four non-linear mathematical models (Gompertz, Logistic, Logistic 4P, and Chapman-Richards). In the first 4 years after planting, information about collar diameter (mm), total height (m), crown height (m), and crown diameter (m) was obtained twice a year for 12 individuals per species. Crown area (m²) and crown volume (m³) were estimated. The growth in these four variables (collar diameter, total height, crown area, and crown volume) was projected using the models, and their fitting was assessed based on the values of the Akaike Information Criterion, the Bayesian Information Criterion, the standard error of estimate, and the coefficient of determination. The models generated excellent statistics for all parameters in all variables, with better statistics for collar diameter (coefficient of determination higher than 0.65 and standard error lower than 30%) and total height (coefficients of determination higher than 0.72 and standard error lower than 37%). Considering the three species, Parapiptadenia rigida showed the fastest growth in all variables (median of 70.97 mm for collar diameter, median of 4.475 m for total height, median of 10.35 m² for crown area, and median of 15.30 m³ for crown volume at 48 months). Longer monitoring periods in this and other experiments are recommended to characterize the growth of these three Brazilian native timber species to adequately describe their performance in timber and forest restoration projects.